Out in the Fields Elizabeth Barrett Browning Review

English language poet (1806–1861)

Elizabeth Barrett Browning
Built-in	Elizabeth Barrett Moulton-Barrett (1806-03-06)6 March 1806 Kelloe, Durham, England
Died	29 June 1861(1861-06-29) (aged 55) Florence, Kingdom of Italy
Occupation	Poet
Nationality	English
Literary movement	Romanticism[1]
Spouse	Robert Browning ​ (grand. 1846)​
Children	Robert Wiedeman Barrett "Pen" Browning[2]
Relatives	Edward Barrett Moulton-Barrett (father) Mary Graham Clarke (mother)

Elizabeth Barrett Browning (née Moulton-Barrett; ; six March 1806 – 29 June 1861) was an English poet of the Victorian era, popular in United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland and the U.s. during her lifetime.

Born in County Durham, the eldest of 12 children, Elizabeth Barrett wrote poesy from the age of 11. Her mother'south drove of her poems forms ane of the largest extant collections of juvenilia past any English author. At 15, she became sick, suffering intense head and spinal pain for the rest of her life. Later in life, she as well developed lung problems, possibly tuberculosis. She took laudanum for the pain from an early on age, which is likely to have contributed to her delicate health.

In the 1840s, Elizabeth was introduced to literary social club through her cousin John Kenyon. Her first adult collection of poems was published in 1838, and she wrote prolifically betwixt 1841 and 1844, producing poetry, translation, and prose. She campaigned for the abolitionism of slavery, and her work helped influence reform in the kid labour legislation. Her prolific output made her a rival to Tennyson every bit a candidate for poet laureate on the death of Wordsworth.

Elizabeth'due south volume Poems (1844) brought her great success, attracting the adoration of the writer Robert Browning. Their correspondence, courtship, and marriage were carried out in clandestine, for fear of her father'south disapproval. Following the wedding ceremony, she was indeed disinherited by her father. In 1846, the couple moved to Italian republic, where she would live for the rest of her life. They had a son, known as "Pen" (Robert Wiedeman Barrett Browning) (1849–1912). Pen devoted himself to painting until his eyesight began to fail later in life; he also built up a big drove of manuscripts and memorabilia of his parents; however, since he died intestate, information technology was sold by public auction to various bidders, and scattered upon his decease. The Armstrong Browning Library has tried to recover some of his drove, and at present houses the world's largest collection of Browning memorabilia.^[three] Elizabeth died in Florence in 1861.^{[one] [4]} A collection of her last poems was published past her married man before long later her expiry.

Elizabeth's work had a major influence on prominent writers of the mean solar day, including the American poets Edgar Allan Poe and Emily Dickinson. She is remembered for such poems as "How Do I Honey Thee?" (Sonnet 43, 1845) and Aurora Leigh (1856).

Life and career [edit]

Family background [edit]

Some of Elizabeth Barrett's family had lived in Jamaica since 1655. Their wealth derived mainly from Caribbean agronomical ventures based on the labor of enslaved Africans. Edward Barrett (1734–1798) was owner of x,000 acres (40 kmⁱⁱ) in the estates of Cinnamon Hill, Cornwall, Cambridge, and Oxford in northern Jamaica. Elizabeth'due south maternal grandpa owned sugar plantations, mills, glassworks, and ships that traded betwixt Jamaica and Newcastle in the U.k..^[iv]

The family wished to hand down their proper name, stipulating that Barrett should always be held as a surname. In some cases inheritance was given on status that the name was used past the beneficiary; the English gentry and "squirearchy" had long encouraged this sort of name changing. Given this strong tradition, Elizabeth used "Elizabeth Barrett Moulton Barrett" on legal documents, and earlier she was married often signed herself "Elizabeth Barrett Barrett" or "EBB" (initials which she was able to proceed after her wedding). ^[iv] Elizabeth's father chose to raise his family unit in England, while his business enterprises remained in Jamaica. Elizabeth'southward female parent, Graham Clarke, also owned several plantations in the British West Indies.

Early life [edit]

Elizabeth Barrett Moulton-Barrett was born on half dozen March 1806, in Coxhoe Hall, between the villages of Coxhoe and Kelloe in County Durham, England. Her parents were Edward Barrett Moulton-Barrett and Mary Graham Clarke; Elizabeth was the eldest of 12 children (eight boys and four girls). 11 lived to adulthood; 1 daughter died at the age of three, when Elizabeth was eight.

The children all had nicknames: Elizabeth was "Ba". She rode her pony, went for family walks and picnics, socialised with other canton families, and participated in abode theatrical productions. Merely different her siblings, she immersed herself in books as often as she could get away from the social rituals of her family.

She was baptised in 1809 at Kelloe parish church building, although she had^[5] already been baptised by a family friend in her first week of life.

In 1809, the family moved to Promise End, a 500-acre (200 ha) estate about the Malvern Hills in Ledbury, Herefordshire.^[4] Her male parent converted the Georgian house into stables and built a new mansion of opulent Turkish blueprint, which his wife described as something from the Arabian Nights Entertainments.

The interior's brass balustrades, mahogany doors inlaid with mother-of-pearl, and finely carved fireplaces were eventually complemented by lavish landscaping: ponds, grottos, kiosks, an ice business firm, a hothouse, and a subterranean passage from business firm to gardens.^[half-dozen] Her time at Promise End would inspire her in later life to write her most ambitious work, Aurora Leigh (1856), which went through more than than xx editions by 1900, simply none betwixt 1905 and 1978.^[6]

Portrait of Elizabeth Barrett Browning in 1859

She was educated at dwelling house and tutored by Daniel McSwiney with her oldest brother.^[7] She began writing verses at the age of four.^[eight] During the Hope End period, she was an intensely studious, precocious child.^[9] She claimed that at the age of six, she was reading novels, at viii entranced by Pope's translations of Homer, studying Greek at ten, and at eleven, writing her ain Homeric ballsy, The Battle of Marathon: A Poem.^[4]

In 1820, Mr Barrett privately published The Battle of Marathon, an epic-style poem, though all copies remained within the family.^[eight] Her female parent compiled the child'south poetry into collections of "Poems by Elizabeth B. Barrett". Her father called her the "Poet Laureate of Hope End" and encouraged her work. The result is one of the largest collections of juvenilia of any English writer. Mary Russell Mitford described the young Elizabeth at this time, every bit having "a slight, fragile figure, with a shower of dark curls falling on each side of a most expressive face; large, tender optics, richly fringed by dark eyelashes, and a smile like a sunbeam."

At near this time, Elizabeth began to battle with disease, which the medical science of the time was unable to diagnose.^[four] All three sisters came down with the syndrome although it lasted only with Elizabeth. She had intense head and spinal pain with loss of mobility. Various biographies link this to a riding accident at the time (she cruel while trying to dismount a horse), but there is no evidence to support the link. Sent to recover at the Gloucester spa, she was treated – in the absence of symptoms supporting another diagnosis – for a spinal trouble.^[6] Though this disease continued for the rest of her life, it is believed to be unrelated to the lung disease which she adult in 1837.^[four]

She began to take opiates for the pain, laudanum (an opium concoction) followed by morphine, then commonly prescribed. She would become dependent on them for much of her adulthood; the use from an early age may well take contributed to her frail health. Biographers such every bit Alethea Hayter have suggested this may also have contributed to the wild vividness of her imagination and the poesy that it produced.^{[4] [10]}

Past 1821, she had read Mary Wollstonecraft'due south A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), and become a passionate supporter of Wollstonecraft'due south ideas.^[four] The child'southward intellectual fascination with the classics and metaphysics was reflected in a religious intensity which she afterward described as "non the deep persuasion of the balmy Christian but the wild visions of an enthusiast."^[xi] The Barretts attended services at the nearest Dissenting chapel, and Edward was active in Bible and missionary societies.

Blue plaque exterior "Belle Vue" in Sidmouth, Devon, where Elizabeth Barrett lived with her family from 1833 to 1835

Elizabeth's mother died in 1828, and is buried at St Michael's Church, Ledbury, side by side to her daughter Mary. Sarah Graham-Clarke, Elizabeth's aunt, helped to intendance for the children, and she had clashes with Elizabeth'southward strong volition. In 1831, Elizabeth'south grandmother, Elizabeth Moulton, died. Following lawsuits and the abolition of slavery, Mr Barrett incurred great financial and investment losses that forced him to sell Hope End. Although the family unit was never poor, the place was seized, and put upwardly for sale to satisfy creditors. Ever undercover in his financial dealings, he would not discuss his situation and the family was haunted past the idea that they might have to motility to Jamaica.

Between 1833 and 1835, she was living with her family at Belle Vue in Sidmouth. The site has now been renamed Cedar Shade and redeveloped. A blueish plaque at the entrance to the site attests to this. In 1838, some years later the sale of Hope End, the family settled at fifty Wimpole Street.^[4]

During 1837–38, the poet was struck with affliction again, with symptoms today suggesting tuberculous ulceration of the lungs. That aforementioned year, at her doctor's insistence, she moved from London to Torquay, on the Devonshire coast. Her quondam dwelling house at present forms office of the Regina Hotel. Two tragedies then struck. In February 1840, her brother Samuel died of a fever in Jamaica. Then her favourite brother Edward ("Bro") was drowned in a sailing accident in Torquay in July. This had a serious result on her already frail health. She felt guilty as her begetter had disapproved of Edward's trip to Torquay. She wrote to Mitford, "That was a very well-nigh escape from madness, absolute hopeless madness".^[4] The family returned to Wimpole Street in 1841.

Success [edit]

At Wimpole Street, Barrett Browning spent near of her fourth dimension in her upstairs room. Her health began to improve, though she saw few people other than her firsthand family unit.^[4] One of those was Kenyon, a wealthy friend of the family unit and patron of the arts. She received condolement from a spaniel named Flush, a gift from Mary Mitford.^[12] (Virginia Woolf later fictionalised the life of the canis familiaris, making him the protagonist of her 1933 novel Flush: A Biography).

Between 1841 and 1844, Barrett Browning was prolific in poetry, translation, and prose. The poem "The Cry of the Children", published in 1842 in Blackwoods, condemned kid labour and helped bring about kid-labour reforms past raising support for Lord Shaftesbury'south Ten Hours Bill (1844).^[iv] At nearly the aforementioned time, she contributed critical prose pieces to Richard Henry Horne's A New Spirit of the Age.

In 1844, she published the two-volume Poems, which included "A Drama of Exile", "A Vision of Poets", and "Lady Geraldine's Courtship", and two substantial critical essays for 1842 problems of The Archives. "Since she was not burdened with any domestic duties expected of her sisters, Barrett Browning could now devote herself entirely to the life of the mind, cultivating an enormous correspondence, reading widely".^[xiii] Her prolific output fabricated her a rival to Tennyson as a candidate for poet laureate in 1850 on the expiry of Wordsworth.^[4]

A Majestic Social club of Arts blueish plaque now commemorates Elizabeth at 50 Wimpole Street.^[14]

Robert Browning and Italy [edit]

Elizabeth Barrett Browning with her son Pen, 1860

Her 1844 volume Poems made her one of the most popular writers in the land, and inspired Robert Browning to write to her. He wrote, "I love your verses with all my heart, dearest Miss Barrett," praising their "fresh strange music, the affluent language, the exquisite desolation and true new brave thought."^[4]

Kenyon arranged for Browning to meet Elizabeth on 20 May 1845, in her rooms, and and then began one of the most famous courtships in literature. Elizabeth had already produced a large amount of work, but Browning had a smashing influence on her subsequent writing, as did she on his: ii of Barrett's near famous pieces were written later on she met Browning, Sonnets from the Portuguese ^[15] and Aurora Leigh. Robert'south Men and Women is likewise a production of that time.

Some critics land that her action was, in some means, in disuse before she met Browning: "Until her relationship with Robert Browning began in 1845, Barrett'southward willingness to appoint in public soapbox virtually social issues and about aesthetic issues in poetry, which had been and then strong in her youth, gradually diminished, as did her physical wellness. As an intellectual presence and a physical beingness, she was becoming a shadow of herself."^[thirteen]

The courtship and spousal relationship between Robert Browning and Elizabeth were carried out secretly, equally she knew her father would disapprove. After a private wedlock at St Marylebone Parish Church, they honeymooned in Paris before moving, in September 1846, to Italy, which became their dwelling almost continuously until her death. Elizabeth's loyal lady'south maid, Elizabeth Wilson, witnessed the marriage and accompanied the couple to Italy.^[4]

Mr Barrett disinherited Elizabeth, every bit he did each of his children who married. Elizabeth had foreseen her father'south anger but had not anticipated her brothers' rejection.^[iv] As Elizabeth had some money of her own, the couple were reasonably comfortable in Italia. The Brownings were well respected, and even famous. Elizabeth grew stronger and in 1849, at the historic period of 43, betwixt iv miscarriages, she gave birth to a son, Robert Wiedeman Barrett Browning, whom they called Pen. Their son afterward married, but had no legitimate children.

At her husband's insistence, Elizabeth'south 2nd edition of Poems included her love sonnets; as a result, her popularity increased (as did disquisitional regard), and her artistic position was confirmed.

The couple came to know a wide circle of artists and writers including William Makepeace Thackeray, sculptor Harriet Hosmer (who, she wrote, seemed to be the "perfectly emancipated female") and Harriet Beecher Stowe. In 1849, she met Margaret Fuller; in 1852, French novelist George Sand, whom she had long admired. Amidst her intimate friends in Florence was the writer Isa Blagden, whom she encouraged to write novels.^[16] They met Alfred Tennyson in Paris, and John Forster, Samuel Rogers and the Carlyles in London, later befriending Charles Kingsley and John Ruskin.^[4]

Turn down and death [edit]

After the expiry of an old friend, Chiliad. B. Hunter, and then of her male parent, Barrett Browning's wellness started to deteriorate. The Brownings moved from Florence to Siena, residing at the Villa Alberti. Engrossed in Italian politics, she issued a small volume of political poems titled Poems before Congress (1860) "most of which were written to express her sympathy with the Italian cause after the outbreak of fighting in 1859".^[17] They acquired a furore in England, and the bourgeois magazines Blackwood's and the Saturday Review labelled her a fanatic. She dedicated this volume to her hubby. Her last work was A Musical Instrument, published posthumously.

Barrett Browning'due south sis Henrietta died in November 1860. The couple spent the wintertime of 1860–61 in Rome where Barrett Browning's health further deteriorated and they returned to Florence in early June 1861.^[4] She became gradually weaker, using morphine to ease her pain. She died on 29 June 1861 in her married man's arms. Browning said that she died "smilingly, happily, and with a confront like a girl's.... Her last discussion was... 'Beautiful' ".^[4] She was buried in the Protestant English Cemetery of Florence.^[xviii] "On Monday July 1 the shops in the area around Casa Guidi were closed, while Elizabeth was mourned with unusual demonstrations."^[9] The nature of her illness is still unclear. Some modernistic scientists speculate her affliction may take been hypokalemic periodic paralysis, a genetic disorder that causes weakness and many of the other symptoms she described.^[19]

Publications [edit]

An engraving of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, published in Eclectic Mag

Barrett Browning'southward first known verse form was written at the age of vi or eight, "On the Cruelty of Forcement to Human being".^[20] The manuscript, which protests against impressment, is currently in the Berg Collection of the New York Public Library; the exact appointment is controversial because the "two" in the engagement 1812 is written over something else that is scratched out.^[17]

Her starting time contained publication was "Stanzas Excited by Reflections on the Present State of Greece" in The New Monthly Magazine of May 1821;^[4] followed two months later by "Thoughts Awakened by Contemplating a Piece of the Palm which Grows on the Summit of the Acropolis at Athens".^[17]

Her kickoff drove of poems, An Essay on Mind, with Other Poems, was published in 1826 and reflected her passion for Byron and Greek politics.^[17] Its publication drew the attention of a blind scholar of the Greek language, Hugh Stuart Boyd, and of another Greek scholar, Uvedale Price, with whom she maintained sustained correspondence.^[4] Among other neighbours was Mrs James Martin from Colwall, with whom she besides corresponded throughout her life. Later, at Boyd'south suggestion, she translated Aeschylus' Prometheus Bound (published in 1833; retranslated in 1850). During their friendship Barrett studied Greek literature, including Homer, Pindar and Aristophanes.^[4]

Elizabeth opposed slavery and published two poems highlighting the barbarity of the institution and her support for the abolitionist cause: "The Runaway Slave at Pilgrim's Betoken" and "A Expletive for a Nation". The start depicts an enslaved woman whipped, raped, and fabricated pregnant cursing her enslavers.^[four] Elizabeth declared herself glad that the slaves were "virtually costless" when the Slavery Abolitionism Act passed in the British Parliament, despite the fact that her father believed that abolition would ruin his business.

The date of publication of these poems is in dispute, but her position on slavery in the poems is clear and may have led to a rift between Elizabeth and her father. She wrote to John Ruskin in 1855 "I belong to a family of West Indian slaveholders, and if I believed in curses, I should be afraid". Her begetter and uncle were unaffected by the Baptist War (1831–1832) and continued to own slaves until passage of the Slavery Abolitionism Act.^[4]

In London, John Kenyon, a distant cousin, introduced Elizabeth to literary figures including William Wordsworth, Mary Russell Mitford, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Alfred Tennyson and Thomas Carlyle. Elizabeth connected to write, contributing "The Romaunt of Margaret", "The Romaunt of the Page", "The Poet'south Vow" and other pieces to various periodicals. She corresponded with other writers, including Mary Russell Mitford, who would get a close friend and who would support Elizabeth's literary ambitions.^[4]

In 1838 The Seraphim and Other Poems appeared, the beginning volume of Elizabeth's mature poesy to appear nether her own name.

Sonnets from the Portuguese was published in 1850. There is fence about the origin of the championship. Some say it refers to the series of sonnets of the 16th-century Portuguese poet Luís de Camões. However, "my little Portuguese" was a pet proper name that Browning had adopted for Elizabeth and this may accept some connection.^[21]

The poesy-novel Aurora Leigh, her most ambitious and perhaps the most pop of her longer poems, appeared in 1856. It is the story of a female author making her way in life, balancing piece of work and dear, and based on Elizabeth's own experiences. Aurora Leigh was an important influence on Susan B. Anthony's thinking about the traditional roles of women, with regard to marriage versus independent individuality.^[22] The North American Review praised Elizabeth'south poem: "Mrs. Browning'due south poems are, in all respects, the utterance of a adult female — of a woman of great learning, rich experience, and powerful genius, uniting to her woman's nature the strength which is sometimes thought peculiar to a human."^[23]

Spiritual influence [edit]

Much of Barrett Browning's work carries a religious theme. She had read and studied such works every bit Milton's Paradise Lost and Dante'southward Inferno. She says in her writing, "We want the sense of the saturation of Christ'due south claret upon the souls of our poets, that information technology may weep through them in answer to the ceaseless wail of the Sphinx of our humanity, expounding agony into renovation. Something of this has been perceived in art when its glory was at the fullest. Something of a yearning subsequently this may be seen among the Greek Christian poets, something which would have been much with a stronger faculty".^[24] She believed that "Christ's faith is essentially poetry – poetry glorified". She explored the religious aspect in many of her poems, especially in her early work, such as the sonnets.

She was interested in theological debate, had learned Hebrew and read the Hebrew Bible.^[25] Her seminal Aurora Leigh, for case, features religious imagery and innuendo to the apocalypse. The critic Cynthia Scheinberg notes that female person characters in Aurora Leigh and her earlier work "The Virgin Mary to the Kid Jesus" insinuate to Miriam, sister and caregiver to Moses.^[26] These allusions to Miriam in both poems mirror the mode in which Barrett Browning herself drew from Jewish history, while distancing herself from it, in order to maintain the cultural norms of a Christian woman poet of the Victorian Age.^[26]

In the correspondence Barrett Browning kept with the Reverend William Merry from 1843 to 1844 on predestination and salvation past works, she identifies herself as a Congregationalist: "I am not a Baptist — only a Congregational Christian, — in the holding of my individual opinions."^[27]

Barrett Browning Institute [edit]

In 1892, Ledbury, Herefordshire, held a design contest to build an Constitute in honour of Barrett Browning. Brightwen Binyon vanquish 44 other designs. It was based on the timber-framed Market House, which was opposite the site. It was completed in 1896. However, Nikolaus Pevsner was not impressed by its style. In 1938, information technology became a public library.^[28] It has been Course II-listed since 2007.^[29]

Critical reception [edit]

How Do I Honey Thee?

How practise I dearest thee? Let me count the ways.
I love thee to the depth and breadth and acme
My soul can attain, when feeling out of sight
For the ends of being and ideal grace.
I love thee to the level of every day'due south
Most repose need, by sun and candle-light.
I love thee freely, as men strive for correct.
I love thee purely, as they turn from praise.
I love thee with the passion put to use
In my old griefs, and with my childhood's organized religion.
I dear thee with a dearest I seemed to lose
With my lost saints. I love thee with the breath,
Smiles, tears, of all my life; and, if God choose,
I shall just love thee better afterwards death.

Sonnet XLIII
from Sonnets from the Portuguese, 1845 (published 1850)^[30]

Barrett Browning was widely popular in the United Kingdom and the United States during her lifetime.^[15] Edgar Allan Poe was inspired by her poem Lady Geraldine's Courtship and specifically borrowed the poem's metre for his poem The Raven.^[31] Poe had reviewed Barrett Browning'southward work in the January 1845 issue of the Broadway Periodical, saying that "her poetic inspiration is the highest – we can conceive of nothing more baronial. Her sense of Art is pure in itself."^[32] In return, she praised The Raven, and Poe defended his 1845 drove The Raven and Other Poems to her, referring to her as "the noblest of her sex".^[33]

Barrett Browning's verse greatly influenced Emily Dickinson, who admired her as a adult female of accomplishment. Her popularity in the United States and Britain was farther advanced by her stands against social injustice, including slavery in the United States, injustice toward Italians from their foreign rulers, and kid labour.^[iv]

Lilian Whiting published a biography of Barrett Browning (1899) which describes her as "the nigh philosophical poet" and depicts her life as "a Gospel of practical Christianity". To Whiting, the term "fine art for art'south sake" did not utilize to Barrett Browning's work, as each poem, distinctively purposeful, was borne of a more than "honest vision". In this disquisitional assay, Whiting portrays Barrett Browning equally a poet who uses knowledge of Classical literature with an "intuitive gift of spiritual divination".^[34] In Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Angela Leighton suggests that the portrayal of Barrett Browning equally the "pious iconography of womanhood" has distracted us from her poetic achievements. Leighton cites the 1931 play by Rudolf Besier The Barretts of Wimpole Street as evidence that 20th-century literary criticism of Barrett Browning'southward work has suffered more equally a outcome of her popularity than poetic ineptitude.^[35] The play was popularized past actress Katharine Cornell, for whom it became a signature office. Information technology was an enormous success, both artistically and commercially, and was revived several times and adapted twice into movies.

Throughout the 20th century, literary criticism of Barrett Browning'due south poetry remained sparse until her poems were discovered by the women's motility. She one time described herself as existence inclined to reject several women'due south rights principles, suggesting in letters to Mary Russell Mitford and her husband that she believed that in that location was an inferiority of intellect in women. In Aurora Leigh, nonetheless, she created a stiff and independent woman who embraces both work and love. Leighton writes that because Elizabeth participates in the literary world, where voice and diction are dominated by perceived masculine superiority, she "is defined only in mysterious opposition to everything that distinguishes the male discipline who writes..."^[35] A five-volume scholarly edition of her works was published in 2010, the first in over a century.^[17]

Works (collections) [edit]

• 1820: The Boxing of Marathon: A Poem. Privately printed
• 1826: An Essay on Mind, with Other Poems. London: James Duncan
• 1833: Prometheus Bound, Translated from the Greek of Aeschylus, and Miscellaneous Poems. London: A.J. Valpy
• 1838: The Seraphim, and Other Poems. London: Saunders and Otley
• 1844: Poems (UK) / A Drama of Exile, and other Poems (U.s.a.). London: Edward Moxon. New York: Henry K. Langley
• 1850: Poems ("New Edition", ii vols.) Revision of 1844 edition adding Sonnets from the Portuguese and others. London: Chapman & Hall
• 1851: Casa Guidi Windows. London: Chapman & Hall
• 1853: Poems (3d ed.). London: Chapman & Hall
• 1854: Two Poems: "A Plea for the Ragged Schools of London" and "The Twins". London: Bradbury & Evans
• 1856: Poems (4th ed.). London: Chapman & Hall
• 1856: Aurora Leigh. London: Chapman & Hall
• 1860: Poems Earlier Congress. London: Chapman & Hall
• 1862: Last Poems. London: Chapman & Hall

Posthumous publications [edit]

• 1863: The Greek Christian Poets and the English Poets. London: Chapman & Hall
• 1877: The Before Poems of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, 1826–1833, ed. Richard Herne Shepherd. London: Bartholomew Robson
• 1877: Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning Addressed to Richard Hengist Horne, with comments on contemporaries, 2 vols., ed. S.R.T. Mayer. London: Richard Bentley & Son
• 1897: Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, 2 vols., ed. Frederic M. Kenyon. London:Smith, Elder,& Co.
• 1899: Letters of Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Barrett 1845–1846, 2 vol., ed Robert W. Barrett Browning. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
• 1914: New Poems by Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning, ed. Frederic G Kenyon. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
• 1929: Elizabeth Barrett Browning: Letters to Her Sis, 1846–1859, ed. Leonard Huxley. London: John Murray
• 1935: Twenty-Two Unpublished Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Robert Browning to Henrietta and Arabella Moulton Barrett. New York: United Feature Syndicate
• 1939: Letters from Elizabeth Barrett to B.R. Haydon, ed. Martha Hale Shackford. New York: Oxford University Press
• 1954: Elizabeth Barrett to Miss Mitford, ed. Betty Miller. London: John Murray
• 1955: Unpublished Messages of Elizabeth Barrett Browning to Hugh Stuart Boyd, ed. Barbara P. McCarthy. New Heaven, Conn.: Yale Academy Press
• 1958: Letters of the Brownings to George Barrett, ed. Paul Landis with Ronald E. Freeman. Urbana: University of Illinois Press
• 1974: Elizabeth Barrett Browning's Messages to Mrs. David Ogilvy, 1849–1861, ed. P. Heydon and P. Kelley. New York: Quadrangle, New York Times Book Co., and Browning Constitute
• 1984: The Brownings' Correspondence, ed. Phillip Kelley, Ronald Hudson, and Scott Lewis. Winfield, Kansas: Wedgestone Press

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} "Elizabeth Barrett Browning". Academy of American Poets. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
2. ^ "Robert Wiedeman Barrett (Pen) Browning (1849–1912)". Armstrong Browning Library and Museum, Baylor University. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
3. ^ Hunt, Alan (8 Oct 2001). "Browning Database To Exist Launched During Library's Jubilee". Baylor Academy . Retrieved 4 August 2021.
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f thousand h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa} Marjorie Rock, "Browning, Elizabeth Barrett (1806–1861)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edition, October 2008.
5. ^ Taplin, Gardner B. "Elizabeth Barrett Browning." Victorian Poets Earlier 1850. Ed. William East. Fredeman and Ira Bruce Nadel. Detroit: Gale Inquiry, 1984. Lexicon of Literary Biography Vol. 32. Literature Resource Heart. Web. 7 December 2014.
6. ^ ^{a b c} Taylor, Beverly. "Elizabeth Barrett Browning." Victorian Women Poets. Ed. William B. Thesing. Detroit: Gale Enquiry, 1999. Lexicon of Literary Biography Vol. 199. Literature Resource Center. Web. 5 December 2014.
7. ^ Dorothy Mermin (1989), Elizabeth Barrett Browning: The Origins of a New Verse, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0226520391, pp. 19–twenty.
8. ^ ^{a b} "Browning, Elizabeth Barrett: Introduction." Jessica Bomarito and Jeffrey Westward. Hunter (eds). Feminism in Literature: A Gale Disquisitional Companion. Vol. 2: 19th Century, Topics & Authors (A-B). Detroit: Gale, 2005. 467–469. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 December 2014.
9. ^ ^{a b} Taplin, Gardner B. The Life of Elizabeth Browning New Haven: Yale Academy Printing (1957).
10. ^ Hayter, Alethea (1962). Mrs. Browning: A Poet's Piece of work and Its Setting. Faber and Faber, pp. 61–66.
11. ^ Everett, Glenn (2002). Life of Elizabeth Browning.
12. ^ Elizabeth Barrett Browning; Mary Rose Sullivan; Mary Russell Mitford; Meredith B. Raymond (1983). The messages of Elizabeth Barrett Browning to Mary Russell Mitford, 1836–1854 . Armstrong Browning Library of Baylor University. ISBN978-0-911459-00-5 . Retrieved 22 October 2011.
13. ^ ^{a b} Mary Sanders Pollock (2003). Elizabeth Barrett and Robert Browning: a creative partnership. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN978-0-7546-3328-0 . Retrieved 22 Oct 2011.
14. ^ "Barrett, Elizabeth Barrett (1806–1861)". English language Heritage. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
15. ^ ^{a b} Elizabeth Barrett Browning (fifteen Baronial 1986). Sonnets from the Portuguese: A Celebration of Love . St. Martin'due south Press. ISBN978-0-312-74501-1.
16. ^ "Isa Blagden", in: The Brownings' Correspondence. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
17. ^ ^{a b c d eastward} Elizabeth Barrett Browning (2010). "The" works of Elizabeth Barrett Browning. ISBN978-1-85196-900-five.
18. ^ "Poetsgraves.co.uk".
19. ^ Buchanan, A; Weiss, EB (Fall 2011). "Of sad and wished-for years: Elizabeth Barrett Browning'due south lifelong illness". Perspect Biol Med. 54 (4): 479–503. doi:ten.1353/pbm.2011.0040. PMID 22019536. S2CID 32949896.
20. ^ Browning, Elizabeth Barrett (30 July 2009). "On the Cruelty of Forcement to Man Alluding to the Press Gang". Elizbeth Barrett Browning Selected Poems. ISBN9781770481237.
21. ^ Wall, Jennifer Kingma. "Love and Wedlock: How Biographical Interpretation affected the Reception of Elizabeth Barrett Browning's "Sonnets from the Portuguese" (1850)". The Victorian Web . Retrieved 2 January 2015. the championship was really a reference to a term of endearment Robert had for Elizabeth, my little Portuguese, a reference to her dark complexion
22. ^ Alma Lutz (1959). Susan B. Anthony Rebel, Crusader, Humanitarian . Boston, Beacon Press.
23. ^ Elizabeth Barrett Browning (2001). Aurora Leigh, and other poems. Women'southward Printing. ISBN978-0-7043-3820-three.
24. ^ "Biog". Victorianweb.org. eighteen July 2005. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
25. ^ Linda One thousand. Lewis (January 1998). Elizabeth Barrett Browning's spiritual progress: face to confront with God . Academy of Missouri Press. ISBN978-0-8262-1146-0 . Retrieved 22 October 2011.
26. ^ ^{a b} Galchinsky, Michael (ane January 2003). "Women's Poetry and Religion in Victorian England: Jewish Identity and Christian Culture (review)". Victorian Studies. 45 (three): 551–553. doi:10.1353/vic.2003.0122. ISSN 1527-2052. S2CID 201755414.
27. ^ Wörn, Alexandra Grand. B (2004). ""Poesy is Where God is": The Importance of Christian Faith and Theology in Elizabeth Barrett Browning'due south Life and Work". Victorian Religious Discourse. pp. 235–252. doi:10.1057/9781403980892_11. ISBN978-1-349-52882-0.
28. ^ "Barrett Browning Institute". victoriacountyhistory.ac.united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
29. ^ "Barrett Browning Constitute, Ledbury". britishlistedbuildings.co.uk. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
30. ^ "How Do I Love Thee?" Archived 17 October 2012 at the Wayback Automobile. Poet.org
31. ^ Dawn B. Sova (2001). Edgar Allan Poe, A-Z: The Essential Reference to His Life and Work . Checkmark Books. ISBN978-0-8160-4161-ix.
32. ^ Jeffrey Meyers (5 September 2000). Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy. Cooper Square Press. p. 160. ISBN978-0-8154-1038-6.
33. ^ Dwight Thomas; David Kelly Jackson (ane September 1995). Poe Log: A Documentary Life of Edgar Allan Poe, 1809–1849. G Chiliad Hall. p. 591. ISBN978-0-7838-1401-8.
34. ^ Whiting, Lilian. A study of Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Little, Dark-brown and Company (1899)
35. ^ ^{a b} Angela Leighton (1986). Elizabeth Barrett Browning . Indiana University Press. pp. 8–18. ISBN978-0-253-25451-1 . Retrieved 22 Oct 2011.

Further reading [edit]

• Barrett, Robert Assheton. The Barretts of Jamaica – The family of Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1927). Armstrong Browning Library of Baylor Academy, Browning Society, Wedgestone Printing in Winfield, Kan, 2000.
• Elizabeth Barrett Browning. "Aurora Leigh and Other Poems", eds. John Robert Glorney Bolton and Julia Bolton Holloway. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1995.
• Donaldson, Sandra, et al., eds. The Works of Elizabeth Barrett Browning. five vols. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2010.
• The Complete Works of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, eds. Charlotte Porter and Helen A. Clarke. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1900.
• Creston, Dormer. Andromeda in Wimpole Street: The Romance of Elizabeth Barrett Browning. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1929.
• Everett, Glenn. Life of Elizabeth Browning. The Victorian Web 2002.
• Forster, Margaret. Elizabeth Barrett Browning. New York: Random House, Vintage Classics, 2004.
• Hayter, Alethea. Elizabeth Barrett Browning (published for the British Council and the National Book League). London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1965.
• Kaplan, Cora. Aurora Leigh and Other Poems. London: The Women'due south Press Limited, 1978.
• Kelley, Philip et al. (Eds.) The Brownings' Correspondence. 27 vols. to appointment. (Wedgestone, 1984–) (Complete messages of Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Robert Browning, so far to 1860.)
• Lewis, Linda. Elizabeth Barrett Browning's Spiritual Progress. Missouri: Missouri University Press. 1997.
• Mander, Rosalie. Mrs Browning: The Story of Elizabeth Barrett. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1980.
• Marks, Jeannette. The Family of the Barrett: A Colonial Romance. London: Macmillan, 1938.
• Markus, Julia. Dared and Washed: Spousal relationship of Elizabeth Barrett and Robert Browning. Ohio Academy Printing, 1995.
• Meyers, Jeffrey. Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy. New York City: Cooper Square Printing, 1992: 160.
• Peterson, William S. Sonnets from the Portuguese. Massachusetts: Barre Publishing, 1977
• Pollock, Mary Sanders. Elizabeth Barrett and Robert Browning: A Creative Partnership. England: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2003.
• Sova, Dawn B. Edgar Allan Poe: A to Z. New York City: Checkmark Books, 2001
• Stephenson Glennis. Elizabeth Barrett Browning and the Poetry of Love. Ann Arbor: UMI Inquiry Printing, 1989.
• Taplin, Gardner B. The Life of Elizabeth Browning. New Haven: Yale Academy Printing, 1957.
• Thomas, Dwight and David K. Jackson. The Poe Log: A Documentary Life of Edgar Allan Poe, 1809–1849. New York: M. K. Hall & Co., 1987: 591.

External links [edit]

Digital collections

• Works by Elizabeth Barrett Browning in eBook form at Standard Ebooks
• Works by Elizabeth Barrett Browning at Project Gutenberg
• Works past Elizabeth Barrett Browning at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• Works by or nearly Elizabeth Barrett Browning at Net Archive
• Works of Elizabeth Barrett Browning at Online Books Page

Physical collections

• "Archival fabric relating to Elizabeth Barrett Browning". UK National Archives.
• Browning Family Drove at the Harry Bribe Centre at The Academy of Texas at Austin
• Digitized Browning love letters at Baylor Academy
• Elizabeth Barrett Browning at the British Library
• Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning Collection. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.

Other resource

• Elizabeth Barrett Browning at Curlie
• Profile of Elizabeth Barrett Browning at PoetryFoundation.org
• Elizabeth Barrett Browning contour and poems at Poets.org
• The Brownings: A Enquiry Guide (Baylor University)
• [ane] www.florin.ms, website on Florence's 'English' Cemetery, with Elizabeth Barrett Browning's tomb by Frederick, Lord Leighton.
• Poems by Elizabeth Barrett Browning at English Poesy

colemananded1945.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Barrett_Browning

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